职业行为准则

规则1.0:术语

(a)“相信”或“相信”是指当事人实际上假定有关事实为真. 一个人的信仰可以从环境中推断出来.
     (b) “Consult” or “consultation” denotes communication of information reasonably sufficient to permit the client to appreciate the significance of the matter in question.
     (c)“事务所”或“澳博app事务所”指澳博app合伙企业中的一名或多名澳博app, 专业公司, sole proprietorship or other association authorized to practice law; or lawyers employed in a legal services organization or the legal department of a corporation or other organization, 但不包括政府机构或其他政府实体. 参见注释，规则1.10.
     (d) “欺诈”或“欺诈” denotes conduct that is fraudulent under the substantive or procedural law of the applicable jurisdiction and has a purpose to deceive.
     (e) “知情同意” denotes the agreement by a person to a proposed course of conduct after the lawyer has communicated adequate information and explanation about the material risks of and reasonably available alternatives to the proposed course of conduct.
     (f)“明知”、“已知”或“知道”系指实际知道有关事实. 一个人的知识可以从环境中推断出来.
     (g)“法律书记员”指人, 通常是刚从法学院毕业的学生, 他的行为, 通常是一段有限的时间, as confidential assistant to a judge or judges of a court; to an administrative law judge or a similar administrative hearing officer; or to the head of a governmental agency or to a member of a governmental commission, 其中任何一个都有权裁决或颁布普遍适用的规则或条例.
     (h)“事项”指任何诉讼, 行政诉讼, 游说活动, 应用程序, 索赔, 调查, 逮捕, 控告或控告, 合同的起草, 谈判, 不动产或家庭关系实务问题, 或任何其他表现形式, 除非在特定规则中有明确限制.
     (i)“合伙人”指合伙企业的成员, 以专业公司或专业有限责任公司形式组织的澳博app事务所的股东, 或被授权从事法律工作的协会成员.
     (j) “Reasonable” or “reasonably” when used in relation to conduct by a lawyer denotes the conduct of a reasonably prudent and competent lawyer.
     (k) “Reasonably should know” when used in reference to a lawyer denotes that a lawyer of reasonable prudence and competence would ascertain the matter in question.
     (l) “筛选” denotes the isolation of a lawyer from any participation in a matter through the timely imposition of procedures within a firm that are reasonably adequate under the circumstances to protect information that the isolated lawyer is obligated to protect under these 规则 or other law.
     (m)“实质性”用于指程度或范围时，指具有明确和重大重要性的重大事项.
     (n)“法庭”指法院, 具有约束力的仲裁程序中的仲裁员, 或者立法机构, 行政机构, 或其他具有裁决能力的机构. 立法机构, 行政机关或其他机关以中立官员的身份行使审判能力, 在一方或多方提出证据或法律论据之后, 是否会作出有约束力的法律判决，直接影响当事人在某一特定事项上的利益.
     (o)“书面”或“书面”指通信或陈述的有形或电子记录, 包括手写, 打字, 印刷, 照片说明, 摄影, 录音或录像, 和电子邮件. “签名”文字包括电子声音, symbol or process attached to or logically associated with a writing and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the writing.

评论

“欺诈”或“欺诈”
     [1]在本规则中使用, the terms “fraud” or “fraudulent” refer to conduct that is characterized as such under the substantive or procedural law of the applicable jurisdiction and has a purpose to deceive. 这并不仅仅包括过失失实陈述或过失未将相关信息告知他人. 就本规则而言, 任何人都没有必要遭受损害或依赖于虚假陈述或未告知.

“知情同意”
     [2]许多职业行为准则要求澳博app获得客户或其他人(如澳博app)的知情同意.g., 以前的客户或, 在某些情况下, (潜在客户)在接受或继续代理或追求行为过程之前. 看,e.g.规则1.2(c), 1.6(e)和1.7(c)(1). The communication necessary to obtain such consent will vary according to the Rule involved and the circumstances giving rise to the need to obtain informed consent. The lawyer must make reasonable efforts to ensure that the client or other person possesses information reasonably adequate to make an informed decision. 通常, 这将需要沟通，包括披露导致这种情况的事实和情况, any explanation reasonably necessary to inform the client or other person of the material advantages and disadvantages of the proposed course of conduct and a discussion of the client’s or other person’s options and alternatives. 在某些情况下，澳博app建议客户或其他人寻求其他澳博app的意见可能是合适的. A lawyer need not inform a client or other person of facts or implications already known to the client or other person; nevertheless, a lawyer who does not personally inform the client or other person assumes the risk that the client or other person is inadequately informed and the consent is invalid. 确定所提供的资料和解释是否合理充分, relevant factors include whether the client or other person is experienced in legal matters generally and in making decisions of the type involved, 以及当事人或其他人是否由其他澳博app独立代表作出同意. 正常情况下, 这些人需要的信息和解释比其他人少, and generally a client or other person who is independently represented by other counsel in giving the consent should be assumed to have given informed consent. 在任何情况下, 委托人的同意不仅必须被告知，而且不能被澳博app或代表澳博app行事的任何其他人强迫.
     [3]获得知情同意通常需要患者或其他人的肯定答复. 一般来说，澳博app不得认为委托人或其他人的沉默已经取得了当事人的同意. 可以推断同意, 然而, 不受客户或其他对该事项有合理充分信息的人的行为影响. 一些规则要求当事人以书面形式表示同意. 见规则1.8(a)(3)和1.8(g). 关于“书写”的定义，请参见规则1.0(o).

“筛选”
     [4] This definition applies to situations where screening of a personally disqualified lawyer is permitted to remove imputation of a conflict of interest under 规则 1.11, 1.12 or 1.18.
     [5] The purpose of screening is to assure the affected parties that confidential information known by the personally disqualified lawyer remains protected. The personally disqualified lawyer should acknowledge the obligation not to communicate with any of the other lawyers in the firm with respect to the matter. 类似的, other lawyers in the firm who are working on the matter should be informed that the screening is in place and that they may not communicate with the personally disqualified lawyer with respect to the matter. 是否有额外的筛选措施适合于特定的问题，将视情况而定. 来实现, 加强并提醒所有受影响的澳博app参加筛选, it may be appropriate for the firm to undertake such procedures as a written undertaking by the screened lawyer to avoid any communication with other firm personnel and any contact with any firm files or other materials relating to the matter, written notice and instructions to all other firm personnel forbidding any communication with the screened lawyer relating to the matter, denial of access by the screened lawyer to firm files or other materials relating to the matter and periodic reminders of the screen to the screened lawyer and all other firm personnel. 关于筛选的进一步说明，见D.C. 澳博app协会法律道德委员会意见.
     [6]为了有效, screening measures must be implemented as soon as practical after a lawyer or law firm knows or reasonably should know that there is a need for screening.